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Open standpipe piezometers are similar to observation wells, except that the perforated portion of the pipe and sand filter region (backfill) is sealed in a discrete zone and the riser pipe is much smaller in diameter. The smaller diameter of the pipe reduces the lag time related to changes in ground water levels. Above the sand filter, the remaining backfill should include a seal (either cement/bentonite or bentonite pellets) and surface runoff should be prevented from entering the standpipe by installing a box or monument that does not restrict the pipe from venting. Groundwater levels in standpipes may be read using an electronic dipmeter which signals when the water surface inside the pipe is encountered. The depth is measured using the graduated cable. Open standpipe piezometers have a long successful performance record and are preferable to observation wells in most applications. Open standpipe piezometers should be used only in materials of high to moderately high permeability so that lag time remains relatively short. Standpipe piezometers are less effective in low-permeable silts or clayey soils to measure fluctuations in groundwater levels.

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Ann Ist Super Sanita

Appl Environ Microbiol

Arch Environ Health

Can J Microbiol

Can J Public Health

Eisei Shikenjo Hokoku

Environ Pollut

Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi

Gig Sanit

Int Urol Nephrol

Isr J Med Sci

J Appl Bacteriol

J Hosp Infect

Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi

Perit Dial Int

Pharos Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Med Soc

Poult Sci

Schriftenr Ver Wasser Boden Lufthyg

Sci Total Environ

Zentralbl Hyg Umweltmed